On the last step, configure the network traffic forwarding: # echo -e "net. ssh - Man Page. Tap Script and swipe above keyboard and tap Shortcut Input. roblox brookhaven hack script. The local mode of the ssh command requires that you should use the -L switch to specify the local system as well as the local and remote ports. SSH Tunneling or SSH port forwarding is a way where you can access application leveraging on the SSH ports and tunnel in the event that you do not want to open additional ports on your firewall. Architecturally, there are options for forwarding to a pod’s port. 045522 IP 1. There will be. with host iptables, see https://wiki. This is just a quick guide to help you get the needed tcp 44158 port forwarded for your Bobcatminer and by doing so will avoid your miner being in relayed status. conf " to make your Linux machine act as an IPv4 router: # enable ipv4 routing net. pcv valve replacement tatakae eren meaning. Hello: What is the sequence of firewall-cmd(1) commands (and/or other commands like, say, virsh) that I need to run on kvmHost to enable . Using virsh and virt-install; Comparing the benefits of local installs, containers, and VMs; Brief comparison of virtualization options (VMware, proxmox, and more). It can also be used to list current domains. Log In My Account hi. NAT-based networking is commonly provided and enabled as default by most major Linux distributions that support KVM virtualization. When in doubt, make sure that none of the ports are blocked. Its a business intelligence solution for clever reporting. It uses a predefined virbr0 bridge which is NAT routed to the guest computer. The program can be used to create, pause, and shutdown domains. -usb -device usb-host,bus=usb-bus. No DHCP. int virNetworkUpdate(virNetworkPtr network, unsigned int command, unsigned int section, int parentIndex, const char *xml, unsigned int flags) Definition: libvirt-network. ssh - Man Page. Virsh port forwarding NAT-based networking is commonly provided and enabled as default by most major Linux distributions that support KVM virtualization. Next, run the command below to install KVM and additional virtualization packages on Ubuntu 22. In previous versions, the Application Profile (eg. For illustration purposes I've deployed the app to IIS on an Azure VM. Now a virtual machine has a static IP address; follow this guide to configure port forwarding 3. It can be done via: -device e1000,netdev=net0 -netdev user,id=net0,hostfwd=tcp::5555-:22 The first line creates a virtual e1000 network device, while the second line created one user typed backend, forwarding local port 5555 to guest port 22. Architecturally, there are options for forwarding to a pod’s port. For this, we give the source and destination ports as TCP 5900. Which of the following files should you check first for an incorrect resolution of the name? /etc/hosts. Other options are for advanced users only. Antsle Distributed Storage - ADS. 194:1234 -A FORWARD -d 192. Right click your datastore from the vSphere client and click 'Browse Datastore. Then /etc/init. The default behavior for the associated VNC server is to only listen on the local interface; if the VNC client is to be run on a different host, establishing the connection will require setting up an SSH tunnel (see Section 9. pcv valve replacement tatakae eren meaning. The following syntax is to establish a SSH session listening. 253 CentOS7 VM1. Next, set the bridge connection name and the interface name. Most examples are shown and well documented for usb-bus/deviceID, not for this solution. Hello: What is the sequence of firewall-cmd(1) commands (and/or other commands like, say, virsh) that I need to run on kvmHost to enable . So i use the "port forwarding" (i used the manner of "qemu+tcp" to connect KVM host, the default port is 16509), I visit the port 16509 in "stepping stones" machine 1. To connect to VNC, you need to use Port Forwarding over ssh. For example, the proper XML for "virsh net-update default add forward-interface" would be something like "<interface dev='eth20'/>" (note the careful use of quotes - due to the XML containing spaces and shell redirection characters, you must put quotes around the entire XML snippet, but this means that any quotes within the XML must either be single quotes, or be. xml> $ virsh net-start <network-name>. Then it will get a IP (on 192. Once installed, the SSH service should be started automatically. SSH Tunneling or SSH port forwarding is a way where you can access application leveraging on the SSH ports and tunnel in the event that you do not want to open additional ports on your firewall. It's likely that an admin's cloud-based offering of choice already has virsh. These software pieces include a long term stable C API, a daemon (libvirtd), and a command line utility (virsh). How to port forward SSH in virt-manager? Open xml config for editing via virsh $ virsh -c qemu:///session edit ubuntu18. ni; mv. On the off chance it doesn't, use either of the following commands: Ubuntu-based distributions: sudo apt-get install libvirt-clients libvirt-daemon libvirt-login-shell -y. This post shows how to use port forwarding in Hyper-V (Windows Pro or Enterprise), to forward ssh requests to an Alpine Linux VM. 114 firewall-cmd --reload With firewall-cmd --list-all reading:. To make sure everything is working, access localhost:9090/graph and execute the PromQL up{pod=~"virt-launcher. 31:8834 iptables -I FORWARD -m state -d 192. Antsle Distributed Storage - ADS. A primary goal of libvirt is to provide a single. libvirt's own rules outlined above will. Set up forwarding Add the following lines to the end of the file "/etc/sysctl. However, when I try to login to the VM-shh using the forwarded port, I get an error, as follows: ssh 192. VM > 1. The term covers various abstractions and techniques simulating virtual computers with a variable degree of independence on the actual hardware. 2 Answers Sorted by: 2 I solved it: iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING -p tcp -d 192. Hello, I'm trying to run a qemu mips vm with the following command : qemu-system-mips -M malta -kernel vmlinux-2. My goals are to allow each running VM and the host to get IP from the same DHCP so that they all reside in the same subnet and can talk to each other - guest to guest, guest to host etc. One of the method is to use SSH. Hi, # virsh -r list --all Id Name State----- 1 se06inpidaydb1 running 2 se06inpinfapp1 running # netstat -tulpn |grep :59tcp 0 0 0. A simplest way is to forward a specific host port to guest port 22. and I want to do port forwarding so that I can access some port of. This will forward all the requests coming from the localhost port 2200 to port 22 of the CentOS 8 KVM virtual machine, which has the private IP address 192. What you want to have is port forwarding. Nastavil som hosťa Gentoo v virt-manager, ale nemôžem k nemu SSH z hostiteľského počítača. To forward port 5900, first VM running VNC, to the local port 5905, and asked vncviewer to connect directly to the 5th VNC console locally (5900 + 5 = 5905). VM dropped privs to tcpdump tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on br0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 262144 bytes 15:12:33. If you do not know what this is, you probably do not need it. port to be forwarded to guest's 22 would be assigned by libvirt and . Finally we can create a VM that uses the Bridge we've created. May 11, 2017 · The network that you have defined does forward to physical network in route mode. First we need to tell your server to accept forwarding: echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward sudo sysctl -p Edit the /etc/sysctl. The service will be reachable from the exit-IP address of the VPN server your system is connected to. 31:8834 iptables -I FORWARD -m state -d 192. Firstly, libvirt uses the concept of a virtual network switch. Most examples are shown and well documented for usb-bus/deviceID, not for this solution. Forward “connections to specific port on HostOS” to a specific port on GuestOS (VPS):. 235 -j SNAT --to-source 1. Currently from inside. You just need to specify the method of communication (ssh, tls, tcp, etc). Also if you try to connect to your VM using virsh or Virtual Manager, you will get the same output [[email protected] ~]# virsh console centos8-2 Connected to domain centos8-2 Escape character is ^] error: operation failed: Active console session exists for this domain. I have a windows 2012 based Virtual machine created from a CENTOS 7 linux server using QEMU but I need to forward a port on the windows VM so that its accessible to the outside. How to install virsh. We are interested in forwarding the traffic from client side to remote server. At home, my cloud runs behind a DSL line with a single public IPv4 address, and I use NAT port forwarding on the DSL router to forward . As you see from the show command, we don't see the "stage" ethernet bridge anymore. $ sudo virsh list. rl; dw. The OVS agent installs additional flows on the Integration bridge and the Tunnel. It can be done via: -device e1000,netdev=net0 -netdev user,id=net0,hostfwd=tcp::5555-:22 The first line creates a virtual e1000 network device, while the second line created one user typed backend, forwarding local port 5555 to guest port 22. The following example will delete the "stage" instance of the ethernet bridge. 0/24 by default) which is still NAT’d but also. Libvirt is a collection of software that provides a convenient way to manage virtual machines and other virtualization functionality, such as storage and network interface management. Go to the "Firewall" tab. The following syntax is to establish a SSH session listening. Trebuie sa conectez un desktop PC si dvr-ul. It can display VNC or SPICE, and uses libvirt to lookup the graphical connection details. Substitute "Ubuntu-18. Then we can do: ssh localhost -p 5555. The change affects how you set up DNAT and has caused some confusion after the upgrade. In /etc/libvirt/hooks/qemu: #!/bin/sh GUEST_NAME= HOST_PORT= GUEST_IPADDR= GUEST_PORT= if [ "$1" = "$GUEST_NAME" ]; then if [ "$2" = start ]; then iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport "$HOST_PORT" \ -j DNAT --to "$GUEST_IPADDR:$GUEST_PORT" iptables -I FORWARD -d "$GUEST_IPADDR/32" -p tcp -m state \ --state NEW -m tcp --dport "$GUEST_PORT" -j ACCEPT elif [ "$2" = stopped ]; then iptables -t nat -D. ssh iptables port-forwarding nat virt-manager. conf " to make your Linux machine act as an IPv4 router: # enable ipv4 routing net. This post shows how to use port forwarding in Hyper-V (Windows Pro or Enterprise), to forward ssh requests to an Alpine Linux VM. Then it will have a given static IP address. You should be able to ssh into the host OS (at 192. Basically, the SSH client listens for connections on a configured port, and when it receives a connection, it tunnels the connection to an SSH server. Am facut setarile de portforwarding in router 1 si l-am setat ca DHCP, parametrii de conectare fiind setati deja in router 2 (aka GPON). 2), port forwarding exactly configured like you. Here is a better way to set up port forwarding, using a hook script ( source ). "localhost" denotes the gateway, not the machine where vncviewer was launched. 1: ICMP echo request, id 2016, seq 4, length 64 15:12:33. In this article I will show how to use virt-manager from an Ubuntu client desktop to a server running KVM and libvirtd, with the connection being tunneled over ssh and authenticated with PKI. 1 I would like to have following line translated from qemu optiones into libvirt xml. This network configuration uses a Linux bridge in combination with Network Address Translation (NAT) to enable a guest OS to get outbound connectivity regardless of the type of networking (wired, wireless, dial-up, and so on) used in. ssh iptables port-forwarding nat virt-manager. It is also possible to stop KVM virtual machine from command line using the virsh shutdown command. VanDyke Technical Support. There is a virsh command to get a list of VM names. The following syntax is to establish a SSH session listening. This uses a simple format like most Vagrant config: config. Bridged network. Verify that ssh service running. $ virsh start vps01. 140 as a Virtual IP (the pfSense WAN address is 10. 85 -p 2222 ssh: connect to host 192. The apt package manager is used for all packages installation. You could reconfigure the VM to use a bridged network, which would allow it to show up on your local network. Restart Virtual machines. Accept Reject. It's common for routers functioning as gateways to the Internet to have a default route whereby any traffic that doesn't match any NICs will go through the default route's NIC. I solved it: iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING -p tcp -d 192. conf file by adding e. To install the remote-viewer utility, run: # yum install virt-viewer Syntax The basic remote-viewer command-line syntax is as follows: # remote-viewer [OPTIONS] {guest-name|id|uuid} To see the full list of options available for use with remote-viewer, see the remote-viewer man page. With the libvirt interface, you can set up all the aspects of KVM networking using Virtual Machine Manager. I have installed kvm: sudo apt -y install bridge-utils cpu-checker libvirt-clients libvirt-daemon qemu qemu-kvm. It is provided by the libvirt library, and virtual environments sometimes use it to connect to the outside network. Stack Exchange network consists of 180 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. sudo virsh dumpxml ubuntu-iso | grep vnc. We could connect on KVM Guest machine through SSH from Host Machine. After a while the virtual machine is up and running on port 8443! Fig. Select "Allow the connection" in the next window and. brctl delbr stage. 1 About Oracle Linux KVM. and the admin-user should have no problems getting port-nat-forwarding to work give vm a fixed ip this needs to be configured inside the vm, to not use dhcp but stick with a static ip plus: via "virsh net-edit default" tell kvm that this vm will use that fixed ip # how to nat host-port pass-through to kvm guest-vm /etc/libvirt/hooks/qemu. Jeg har læst, at ved hjælp af qemu er jeg nødt til at foretage portvideresendelse for at få adgang til porte i gæstemaskinen. 1 I would like to have following line translated from qemu optiones into libvirt xml. You can see the list of all virtual networks available for the current connection. Virsh create isolated network. Access an Amazon EC2 instance using Session Manager port forwarding. Port forwarding should be done towards virtual machines with a static IP address. Libvirt is a collection of software that provides a convenient way to manage virtual machines and other virtualization functionality, such as storage and network interface management. 3 KVM Usage. I have installed kvm: sudo apt -y install bridge-utils cpu-checker libvirt-clients libvirt-daemon qemu qemu-kvm. Connect to remote system using Putty. Connection: Remote tunnel over SSH. Here is a better way to set up port forwarding, using a hook script ( source ). Click the Advanced Settings button. ssh -R). The process of forwarding is done using iptables DNAT rules. The process of forwarding is done using iptables DNAT rules. AnonymousAardvark Asks: Virt-manager and Ledger Nano or individual port? (QEMU KVM libvirt) After adding the udev rules according to the Ledger linux troubleshooting steps and rebooting my host and guest I have been able to add the Ledger Nano X by selecting it from the Add Hardware - USB. These software pieces include a long term stable C API, a daemon (libvirtd), and a command line utility (virsh). In the list. ip_forward = 1 Now you need to run:. Default NAT network from libvirt was working fine, but I need bridge to public interface. At home, my cloud runs behind a DSL line with a single public IPv4 address, and I use NAT port forwarding on the DSL router to forward . ip_forward=1 Create libvirt NAT network. Used without parameters it shows active virtual networks only. 1'>" change autoport to no and set the desired port. In this video I'll demonstrate how to create a bridge on Ubuntu 18 and where do you define it in virt-manager for your guest. I have a windows 2012 based Virtual machine created from a CENTOS 7 linux server using QEMU but I need to forward a port on the windows VM so that its accessible to the outside. Qemu provides a hook that is called when starting / stoping guest, which can be used to trigger setting/removing the iptables rules, as described here under the Forwarding Incoming Connections section of Libvirtd's Networking page. From the log, external users are trying to access your XG on port 25810. 13) attach (libvirt 0. xml To activate the new network and make so that it is auto-started, we should run: $ sudo virsh net-start bridged-network $ sudo virsh net-autostart bridged-network We can verify the network has been activated by running the virsh net-list command, again:. Which of the following files should you check first for an incorrect resolution of the name? /etc/hosts. TCP port redirection is a feature of QEMU user-mode networking, and the VMM configures tap networks by default. conf" to make your Linux machine act as an IPv4 router: # enable ipv4 routing net. 1) Login. oj cq. The latest stable release for libvirt for Ubuntu is version 0. linux-mnsh:~ #. Code: Select all. The guest machine can then create VLAN subinterfaces in order to access a particular VLAN. Čítal som, že pomocou qemu musím urobiť nejaké presmerovanie portov, aby som mal prístup k portom v stroji pre hostí. The server connects to a configurated destination port, possibly on a different machine than the SSH server. 16 thg 12, 2015. The Account part is your useraccount at the server and the server is either the IP or the hostname of the server. This network configuration uses a Linux bridge in combination with Network Address Translation (NAT) to enable a guest OS to get outbound connectivity regardless of the type of networking (wired, wireless, dial-up, and so on) used in. 69:443 (SSL 443 nginx/apache/lighttpd server) for. We can verify that this network exists by using the virsh utility, which on the majority of Linux distribution usually comes with the libvirt-client package. Am facut setarile de portforwarding in router 1 si l-am setat ca DHCP, parametrii de conectare fiind setati deja in router 2 (aka GPON). The virsh program is the main interface for managing virsh guest domains. 15 from DHCP server 10. Select Bridge from the Device Type list and enter the bridge device interface name in the Configuration Name entry. Am un router (Olitec RW400G), Win7 si XAMPP. Where is your WAN-port? The enp3s0 must have an IP that lets your host be a member of the physical network (that you call "LAN"?). Stopping a virtual network. Step 1: Install KVM / QEMU on Ubuntu 22. Open Virtual Machine Manager, and go to Edit > Connection Details > Virtual Networks. "port forwarding") allow users to redirect traffic from one port on one computer to another computer and port. Hi All, I am working on SMTP (Mail)Configuration in SAP Solution Manager 7. To install the remote-viewer utility, run: # yum install virt-viewer Syntax The basic remote-viewer command-line syntax is as follows: # remote-viewer [OPTIONS] {guest-name|id|uuid} To see the full list of options available for use with remote-viewer, see the remote-viewer man page. of ports attached to it, where network traffic is forwarded to and . Verify if the VM is restored using "list" command: $ virsh list Id Name State ----- 4 centos8-uefi running 1. For RDP access to a VM you'd forward external traffic to a given port to the VM's IP address on port 3389. How to install virsh. The network that you have defined does forward to physical network in route mode. I've noticed a little iowait on my current Xen setup and wanted to see how KVM would work. Specify the MAC address of the Sangoma SBC VM eth0 device. In addition, virsh can be used to list current domains available in your Virtualization hypervisor platform. cars for sale in oregon
Welcome to virsh, the virtualization interactive terminal. . Virsh port forwarding
Admins might wonder why they should know the virsh. Other options are for advanced users only. Virsh enable vnc. If you've been using Elastic stack, you've probably faced the issue of. Share Improve this answer Follow. This domain name must point to any one of the source IPs made available for VPS Domain Forwarding by Virtualizor administrator. It is also possible to create your own network on any specific port instead of bridged adapter. The default behavior for the associated VNC server is to only listen on the local interface; if the VNC client is to be run on a different host, establishing the connection will require setting up an SSH tunnel (see Section 9. virsh virsh [1] [2] is a command line utility for managing virsh guest domains/virtual machines and the hypervisor [3]. To stop an active virtual network, follow these steps: Start Virtual Machine Manager. Reboot, making sure Ethernet is plugged in and wireless (if any) is off. Using port forwarding to access the VNC consoles of the guests is a good. xml The VNET_DEFINITION. That is the strange thing, the folder is not there. You need to use an SSH client to setup tunnel and a VNC client to access the remote vnc server. fz Fiction Writing. Then it will have a given static IP address. Follow edited Nov 15, 2015 at 9:44. It is provided by the libvirt library, and virtual environments sometimes use it to connect to the outside network. xml To stop a VM and destroy a guest domain: $ virsh. Port Forwarding. ports of the vm publicly available in virsh-manager, thanks!. 13 Assigning a Host USB Device to a VM Guest. The first port number is the one which is opened on your hypervisor, and the second one is the one opened by the Windows guest. ssh -L 5022:vm3. You will notice that when stopping the VM with virtctl stop monitorable. So, if your virtual machine is named 'windows7', you can forward the RDP port by the following command: virsh qemu-monitor-command --hmp windows7 'hostfwd_add ::13389-:3389'. sh can be run on one vm. and then by a connection to a mapped local port, utilizing port forwarding. As you can see from below output current virsh command version is 3. Try to use: sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192. A small box that has a "WAN" part and at least one "LAN" port or WiFi AP. xml To stop a VM and destroy a guest domain: $ virsh. So now I tried again to edit the xml via virsh edit command and used the following to set the parameters. It is also possible to create your own network on any specific port instead of bridged adapter. Manage bridges with brctl and virsh In KVM virtualization, all networks need to be connected to a virtualization bridge. Iptables places rules into predefined chains. Most examples are shown and well documented for usb-bus/deviceID, not for this solution. # tcpdump -i br0 -n host VM. Published: 20 Apr 2022 The virsh program, or command line utility, is an admin's one-stop shop to manage virtual domains. Forwarding We now need to configure the guest to allow forwarding of packets from the guests on the private network, as if they were this server, so they can get through the MAC address filtering. The following example will delete the "stage" instance of the ethernet bridge. # tcpdump -i br0 -n host VM. 1 port forwarding to 2. $ sysctl -w net. x servers to send packets through the F5 without making any NAT con. January 1, 2021. 8800:80 - The port 8800 on your host system is forwarded to the port 80 on your guest system. $ virsh start vps01. qcow2 -append "root=/dev/sda1 console=tty0" But I don't know how to make it acccessible from my host machine (i want to access all ports not just doing port forwarding) so I use virt-manager to. You use the following command to establish a remote port forwarding from the internal host. 0/24 by default) which is still NAT’d but also routable via virbr0 on the host, meaning no redirection is necessary; just ssh directly to the guest’s IP from the host. In the Authentication section, select SSH Key. Now, from the host, you can ssh into the guest using `ssh -p 50000 myuser@127. Console Mode is faster but can only output a character port from the emulated device directly to UTM’s built in terminal emulator. 5版，该版本没有一些较新的功能（例如，脚本挂钩和网络过滤器），这些功能使自动网络配置更加容易。就是说，以下是在Ubuntu 10. 71 --dport 8834 -j DNAT --to-destination 192. Then we can do: ssh localhost -p 5555. 14 thg 12, 2022. I used a Python script (Libvirt port-forwarding hook) for port-forwarding. char * virDomainGetXMLDesc (virDomainPtr domain, unsigned int flags) <domain> <devices> <graphics type='vnc' port='5900' autoport='yes'/> </devices> </domain> References. Start XQuartz. It is named 8080 for its correlation to 80. 04 | grep vnc. Go to your router's port forwarding tools and open 88, 500, 3544, 4500 (for UDP), and 3074 (TCP). ssh port forwarding proxycommand, Re: Port Forwarding not working for ssh, http, and smtp This is prohibited: “use or run dedicated, stand-alone. Click on the Processor page. 0) start (libvirt 0. Port 8080 is an alternative to port 80 and is used primarily for http traffic. To connect to a KVM virtual machine using VNC, you need to find out the port it is running on: # virsh vncdisplay test-centovms. Then we can do: ssh localhost -p 5555. Does that mean I can write libvirt xml directly > to do port forwarding? No, that patch "died in committee"; in general it's a good idea, but it needs to be done in a way that. Make sure your VM is shut down. At home, my cloud runs behind a DSL line with a single public IPv4 address, and I use NAT port forwarding on the DSL router to forward . Connecting to a guest virtual machine. May 28, 2021 · Virsh can be used to create, pause, restart, and shutdown domains. brctl delbr stage. NDI Bridge defaults to port 5990, but lets you specify a different ‘internal port’ if you wish. In addition, virsh can be used to list current domains available in your Virtualization hypervisor platform. Rules to port forwarding and reach our OCP cluster from our laptop (DNAT). xml The VNET_DEFINITION. 045522 IP 1. There are built-in services that can be configured to serve DNS and DHCP (including PXE support), so you do not need to bother maintaining these services separately, if all you need is basic functionality. -L is the part that does the port forwarding. Do this by either through virsh or using virt-manager. What you want to have is port forwarding. As you can see from below output current virsh command version is 3. By default 192. 23 thg 1, 2012. (A VM uses physical NIC of the host directly, without a "network"). libvirt's own rules outlined above will. This enables the user to force guest traffic through the switch. Either run kvm against an image directly with, e. Adding port forwards, the easy way. VM dropped privs to tcpdump tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on br0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 262144 bytes 15:12:33. 5, which doesn't have some newer features (i. The NAT routing uses the kernel's ip_forwarding feature and iptables. these two lines forward the keyboard and mouse from the host to the guest. Virsh can be used to create, pause, restart, and shutdown domains. 4 Known Issues for Oracle Linux KVM. 1) And login in. Local forwarding is used to forward a port from the client machine to the server machine. The program can be used to create, pause, and shutdown domains. com:6666 would be sent to a backend named backend example. Macvtap connection has the following modes, each with different benefits and usecases: Physical. com:6666 would be sent to a backend named backend example. The first port number is the one which is opened on your hypervisor, and the second one is the one opened by the Windows guest. RHEL-based distributions: sudo dnf install virt-install virt-viewer -y. . girlfriend gives head, deep throat bbc, perody porn, current weather chicago il hourly, oracle split string by delimiter and get first element, pornos dur, key fob battery store near me, joi hypnosis, monkey whizz synthetic urine belt, mom sex videos, hypnopimp, vw golf mk6 wheel nut torque nm co8rr